While there is an extensive infrastructure for refueling internal combustion engine vehicles, it is highly likely that many of these gas stations will close within the next decade, while electric vehicles (EVs) become more common.
The range of many EV models has expanded in recent years, more and more car buyers are choosing to purchase EVs, and federal tax credits for some EV models are making ownership more affordable. As the popularity of EVs grows, so does the number of charging networks, creating opportunities for clean energy professionals.
A brief overview of electric vehicles and charging infrastructure.
Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) do not have internal combustion engines and are powered solely by the battery. Thus, when it is completely discharged, the car will not run.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that uses the energy stored in the battery. In addition, they are equipped with regenerative braking to help recharge the battery. The gas engine usually shuts off when not needed. As a result, HEVs tend to have better fuel economy than cars with an internal combustion engine alone.
Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have features of both HEVs and EVs. Like HEVs, they have an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, but drivers can plug them in to charge the battery.
Now that gas prices have risen, interest in electric vehicles has increased. As a result, sales of electrified vehicles, including BEVs, PHEVs, HEVs and fuel cell vehicles, have increased recently.
However, nearly half of consumers in the United States say that charging the battery is the main problem with owning an electric vehicle. Therefore, building a more robust EV charging infrastructure is crucial for more car buyers in North America.
Level 1 electric vehicle charger.
Level 1 chargers use a standard 120-volt wall outlet. Unfortunately, these chargers are very slow, and can take up to 24 hours to fully charge. However, they are easy to use because EV drivers can charge anywhere the cord reaches the vehicle, and Level 1 chargers come with most BEVs and PHEVs. Due to slow charging speeds, they are rarely found at public charging stations in parking lots.
Level 2 electric vehicle charger.
Most home and commercial charging stations are Level 2 and can fully charge vehicles in a few hours. The charging time depends on the charger’s amperage, battery discharge level and total battery capacity. For example, a 2022 Nissan Leaf may have a battery capacity of 40 to 62 kilowatt-hours, while some Tesla models may have a 100 kilowatt-hour battery.
Level 2 chargers, however, require 240-volt power, so they are usually installed by an electrician. In some cases, the electrical panel may need to be upgraded if used in commercial applications, but a 200-amp panel is usually sufficient for most home EV chargers.
Level 2 chargers have SAE J1772 connectors, also known as the J-plug or Type 1 connector. Some state or municipal incentive programs offer discounts for installing Level 2 charging stations, and it’s worth knowing if such programs exist in your area so you can inform your customers about them.
Level 3 electric vehicle chargers.
These have the fastest charging speed and are also known as DC fast chargers (DCFCs). Unfortunately, they are also the most expensive option to install because they use specialized equipment.
A small fraction of public charging stations are DC fast chargers. They are the most convenient and fastest charging option, especially when traveling. Among the most popular DCFCs are Tesla Superchargers; they are Level 3, but are only compatible with Tesla vehicles.
What to look for when choosing an EV charger.
When installing an EV charging station, it is important to consider the desired charging speed, project budget, charger warranties, vehicle compatibility and available electrical capacity. DC fast charging equipment tends to be prohibitively expensive, so most homeowners, organizations and businesses choose Level 2 EV equipment.
It is also important to consider the location of the charger for convenience. This can be especially difficult if the customer does not have their own driveway or dedicated parking space.
Electric vehicle charging levels FAQ.
Many potential EV drivers have many questions about EV charging. Below you will find answers to the most frequently asked questions.
What is a fast charger or super charger?
These charging stations are the fastest and most expensive chargers available. They are sometimes cost-effective in high-demand areas, especially along high-traffic routes, so that EV drivers can charge while traveling when a long stop is not practical.
How much does it cost to install a charger?
The cost of installing an EV charger varies depending on the electrical upgrades required and the length of the cable, and usually requires a licensed electrician. Therefore, depending on the situation, they range from about $400 to $1,000 for a home charger. However, sometimes it can be more expensive, especially if a pedestal is installed.
Do EV chargers come with a warranty?
Yes, most EV chargers come with a warranty of 1 to 3 years, but this varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. The warranty period often starts from the date of installation and may require the equipment to be installed by a licensed electrician. Please familiarize customers with any warranties associated with their new chargers.
Do DC fast chargers damage electric vehicle batteries?
Reducing the capacity of an electric vehicle’s battery gradually and slowly shortens the vehicle’s range. Although occasional use of a DCFC charger should not be a problem, its habitual use can cause a slight decrease in battery capacity. Therefore, EV experts recommend using these chargers sparingly.
What is smart charging?
Some EV chargers are equipped with smart charging features that optimize charging. For example, if a local utility offers time-of-use rates, electricity costs are often lower in the middle of the night. If the vehicle does not need to be charged immediately, smart charging controls will use cheaper electricity if available.
Can an electric vehicle be charged using a rooftop solar system?
Yes, if a home or business has solar panels, it is possible to charge an electric vehicle using them. In fact, some home and business owners add more panels after purchasing an electric vehicle to ensure that the solar power system produces enough energy to cover the additional load of charging an electric vehicle.
Understanding EV charging options to help customers.
While many people can practically fill their fuel tanks while they sleep, some potential EV drivers have difficulty figuring out how to charge their EV batteries. As consumers learn more about charging options, many will have questions. Knowing the different charging options available, charging times, warranties and installation challenges is critical to helping customers find the best solutions.